EDMA 610 Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

EDMA 610 - Assignment Example Occupation configuration is the means by which a vocation is sorted out. It contains the obligations and duties of the activity, the manner in which the activity ought to be done and the connection of the holder to partners. The contrasts between work examination and employment stoop is that though work investigation includes an examination, work configuration includes effectively settled properties of the activity. 1. Positioning technique for work assessment is a straightforward orchestrated arranged by their legitimacy or incentive to the association. Employments are positioned by the relative trouble in performing them. The positions at the top have the most elevated worth and the base has the least worth. It is emotional in nature can't be utilized in enormous associations. 2. Factor correlation technique for work assessment is an intricate strategy. It orderly and logical procedures. The activity is broke down as per factors, for instance expertise associated with the activity, mental and physical prerequisites, working conditions among others. After which key occupations are chosen. Key employments are those occupations whose pay rate the administration considers as right. Other employment compensation are fixed putting the key occupation factors into thought. It is a steady technique. 3. Point technique for work assessment starts with the breakdown of occupations into key variables. Focuses are appointed to each factor arranged by significance of the obligations and duties engaged with the activity. Aggregates of the focuses are made. Occupations with comparable point aggregates are put in a similar compensation grades. 4. Grouping strategy for work assessment places occupations as per classes. The classes are as indicated by the aptitudes and preparing associated with the activity. Classes start from class one made of administrative positions, the last class being the incompetent. It is less abstract strategy and is straightforward. A decent working condition is one that gives solace to the representatives in order to put forth a valiant effort. There are sure practices an organization ought to receive to make the work

Anorexia Nervosa - Includes Bi Essay -- essays research papers fc

Anorexia Nervosa      In America, young ladies are given the message at a youthful age that so as to be glad and effective, they should be flimsy. Given the worth which society puts on being meager, it isn't astonishing that dietary problems are on the expansion. Each time you stroll into a store, you are encircled by the pictures of gaunt models that show up on the fronts of style magazines. A large number of high school young ladies are starving themselves day by day with an end goal to accomplish what the style business considers to be the â€Å"ideal† figure. The normal model weighs 23% not exactly the normal lady. Keeping up a weight 20% underneath your normal body weight fits the measures for the enthusiastic dietary issue known as anorexia. Most models, as per clinical gauges, fit into the classification of being anorexic (Thompson, Colleen).      Anorexia has been known and perceived by specialists for at any rate 300 years. Most scientists concur that the quantity of patients with this dangerous infection is expanding at a disturbing rate. The Rice Counseling Center characterizes anorexia as â€Å"an enthusiastic turmoil portrayed by a serious dread of getting stout, absence of confidence and contorted self-perception which brings about self-initiated starvation†. As per data given by the Counseling Center at the University of Lawson 2 Virginia, the advancement of this ailment for the most part starts at 11 years old or 18. Altogether, these ages correspond with new periods of a girl’s life, the beginning and consummation of pre-adulthood. Ongoing appraisals recommend that out of each 200 American young ladies between this age length, one will create anorexia somewhat. The sickness creates over some stretch of time during which the victim changes her eating designs from ordinary or close to typical to a limited eating regimen (S.C.A.R.E.D. Site). This procedure can take anyplace from months to years. Clinically, an anorexic is analyzed by having a body weight 20% underneath the normal body weight of a sound individual at a similar age and stature of the dietary problem persistent. The anorexic frequently gets alarmed of putting on weight and even of food itself. The patient may feel fat, despite the fact that their body weight is well beneath the typical load for their stature. Some likewise feel they don't merit delight out of life and will deny themselves of circumstances offe... ...ily, companions, and the reasons she may have fallen into an example of self-starvation. As a patient becomes familiar with her condition, she is frequently all the more ready to attempt to enable herself to recuperate. In treating anorexia nervosa, it is critical to recollect that quick achievement doesn't ensure a changeless fix. Now and again, much after fruitful medical clinic treatment and come back to typical weight, patients endure backslides. Follow-up treatment enduring three to five years is prescribed if the patient is to be totally restored (Cove, Judy). Lawson 6 Works Cited Thompson, Colleen. â€Å"Society and Eating Disorders.† Mirror 19, October 1998. On the web. Accessible http://www.mirror-mirror.org/society.htm Accessed 23, October 1998. Saunders, Janice. â€Å"Anorexia and Bulimia.† S.C.A.R.E.D. On the web. Accessible http://www.geocities.com/HotSprings/Spa/3901/index.html Accessed 23, October 1998. Bay, Dr. Judy. â€Å"Anorexia Nervosa General Information.† Mental Health Net Online. Accessible http://www.cmhc.com Accessed 23, October 1998. Pearson, Nanett. â€Å"A Personal Recovery Story: Starving for Attention.† Attention On the web. Accessible http://www.laureate.com/attention.html Accessed 31, October 1998.

How Competition Affects Your Brain

How Competition Affects Your Brain We all might have at different stages in our lives encountered people who can be described as ‘born competitors’.It could be that colleague hell-bent on beating everyone else on the quarterly sales targets, that classmate who will stop at nothing to top the class in a favorite subject, or even a sibling that wants to outdo the rest in all sorts of family engagements.While this might give the impression that there are some people who are naturally competitive and others who are not, this is not the case.As research by Texas-based clinical psychologist Craig Dike reveals, competition has been at the core of the survival of the human species, driving both our biological and psychological evolution.In fact, an examination of hominid skulls from the past two million years by researchers at the University of Missouri concluded that social competition was the biggest cause of increased cranial capacity of humans, partly explaining why the size of the human brain has tripled over that pe riod as compared to other mammals.While climate change and ecological demands also contributed to the increasing brain capacity in humans, the research findings suggest that areas with higher population density were associated with bigger skulls (hence greater brain capacity).A possible explanation offered for this positive association was that higher population density resulted in greater intensity of social competition for necessities and status, and having a bigger brain helped early humans survive in such situations.This shows that competition has a physical impact on the brain.Now, an even more relatable incidence of human competition is in sporting activities of all levels.There is the thrill of the sport itself and the glory of winning that spurs participants into a struggle to outdo each other.Think of a time you participated in any competition, whether that was a game of chess with your sibling or game of tennis at a high school competition â€" what went through your mind a s you took on your opponent?What were you feeling during the competition and following the outcome of the competition? Do you think you would have felt the same thing if the outcome was different? Did the competition have any impact on your outside the event you were competing in?When you engage in a competition, a number of things happen in your brain. These include:YOUR BRAIN’S REWARD SYSTEM IS ACTIVATED In one part of our brain’s is something known as a the reward center, which is basically a group of structures and neural pathways in the brain that get activated by reward-related or reinforcing stimuli, making them responsible for reward-related cognition.When exposed to the rewarding stimuli, the reward system responds by triggering the release of dopamine into the brain.Commonly known as the ‘feel-good hormone’, dopamine is a neurotransmitter. Neurotransmitters are brain chemicals released by neurons that control numerable body functions and convey signals from the bra in to the body.When dopamine is released into the brain, the person experiences feelings bordering euphoria, bliss and a surge of energy.This feeling of bliss and euphoria motivates the person to want to experience the rewarding stimuli again.It has been suggested that dopamine is instrumental in encoding memories about rewards, such as how and where to obtain them, as well as assigning importance to the stimuli associated with the specific reward.The rewards I am talking about in this case are not necessarily tangible ones as would be winning a prize after a chess tournament, but are rather gratifying in their capacity to produce associative learning (acquiring new or modifying existing knowledge, behavior etc.), affect decision-making, encourage approach behavior (motivation or propulsion towards a certain activity, event or outcome) and causing pleasurable emotions.When you engage in a competition, and especially when you win, your brain’s reward system releases a rush of dopam ine into your brain, resulting in a feeling of pleasure.This is why winning even something as simple as a video game or a game of cards leads to feelings of joy, even though there is no material gain from winning.Like I mentioned earlier, the release of dopamine and the resultant pleasurable feeling are meant to encourage the person to seek the same stimuli that caused this feeling.This was an evolutionary trait meant to ensure survival. When our primitive ancestors were roaming the plains, winning meant the difference between life and death.When two Neanderthal males fought, the loser would be left greatly injured, or probably dead, while the winner survived.When two starving hunter gatherers came across an edible fruit, the one who beat the other to it would have something to eat, while the other was left starving.Since winning meant survival, the brain reinforced the need for winning by releasing a rush of dopamine whenever our primitive ancestors won a competition.This created a craving for winning whenever early humans found themselves in a competition.Today, while many of the competitions we engage in are not a matter of life and death, this evolutionary trait is still active in our brains, always pushing us to try and win in every competition we engage in.The craving for a rush of dopamine is why some people will go to any length to win even something trivial, such as that friend who will go cheat to win a simple game of cards.ENHANCES PERFORMANCE BY MOTIVATING US TO PUSH OUR LIMITSCompetition has been demonstrated to have a performance-enhancing effect on participants over time. Think of the many records that have been set and broken in the world of sports.Why do you think a record takes some time to break, but once it is broken and a new one set, several other athletes are also able to exceed the previous record?Competition undoubtedly improves your performance because it creates a frame of reference.We are social beings and all through our life we ca n’t help but compare ourselves with others in our immediate environment.We regularly ask ourselves, ‘how am I fairing compared to my brother, friend, colleague or that industry leader?’If we feel that others are doing better than us, this motivates us to push our limits and achieve better results than we may have achieved previously.While being involved in a competition is seen to increase productivity and motivation, it is not as simple as just turning up for a bout.Rather, the increased productivity and motivation is based on the quality of your competitor.In other words, in order to enhance your performance, you need a rival â€" one that you think matches your skills and achievements or supersedes them.You get that dopamine rush at the prospect of outsmarting them and cementing your reputation.For instance, if you asked to compete against in a game of chess against an 8 year old, you wouldn’t really put so much into the match, because you know you can easily beat them.If however, you were asked to face someone who has worn a national chess championship, you would have greater motivation to win the game, which might result in you coming up with some traps and strategies you have never thought of before.How important is it to have a rival in a competition? In 2016, a Bellevue College professor, Dr Jillene Grover Seiver studied professional archers to investigate the benefits of the presence of a rival in competitive sport.The results were stunning â€" when an archer’s main rival was at the event, the archer scored significantly higher than when this main competitor was absent.Seiver concludes that the fact that they were involved in a competitive sport was not the main reason that made them better but rather more of the fact that they were in competition with someone they deemed to be similar in skill as they.A classic example of the importance of rivalry is the friendly rivalry between Ryan Lochte and Michael Phelps. When Phelps announced his retir ement, Lochte is reported to have said that Phelps helped make him (Lochte) a better swimmer.During Phelps’ brief retirement period, Lochte says he contemplated retiring too, but on the announcement of Phelp’s return, Lotche was quoted to have said that had reignited a spark for the game.Lochte felt that being in competition with Phelps helped make both of them better swimmers.At the workplace, placing employees with nearly similar skills, talents and competencies against each other in a competition could have a similar motivational or performance boost.The natural response to an equal being able to complete a certain task and gain the respect that we also seek is to up our game and earn the same recognition for ourselves.While encouraging competition at the workplace can help enhance performance, sometimes, it can have a negative effect, leading to disagreements and sabotaging the efforts of colleagues.According to Ashley Merryman’s best-selling book, Top Dog: The Science of Winning And Losing, purpose, structure and mission have to be integrated into the competition to create a singular vision if the sought after results are to be achieved.The aim of creating a singular vision is to make it clear that the potential rewards from the communal effort will be much higher than what one could have ever achieved on their own.ENHANCES OUR LEARNING CAPABILITIESWhat happens when you are readying up for a competition?You probably start sharpening the relevant skills needed to take the spoils home â€" whether this means getting to your peak levels of physical fitness, learning a new technique or brushing up your presentation skills.In a study by Rutgers University’s Brynne DiMenichi  and  Elizabeth Tricomi published on the journal Frontiers in Psychology, two experiments were set up to examine the implication of competition on effort and memory.In the first experiment, participants were required to complete a physical effort task and got rewarded for either winn ing an overall percentage or winning over ‘another player’.In the second experiment, a memory task was given and participants rewarded for remembering a percentage of the shapes or for remembering more shapes than a ‘competitor’.The study found participants demonstrated faster reaction times (an indicator of attention) in the physical effort task when they believed that they were competing against another person.However, participants who believed that they were competing against another person remembered less shapes during the study period and even less during a post-test later on.The findings support the idea that competition is more beneficial (by improving attention and thus motivation) in a physical effort task but is less effective in memory-based tasks.If competition increases attention, then a suggested application in learning environments and the workplace is the encouragement of internal competition.Good competition comes with a realization that there will be a lear ning process involved and that it might take a considerable amount of time to get really good at something.IT IS NOT JUST ABOUT WINNINGAn everyday understanding of competition is that two or more parties are striving for a singular goal that cannot be shared amongst them.This can be simply put as ‘winner takes it all’ or a zero-sum game â€" where the winner’s gain is exactly balanced with the loss of the other participants.War would be the near-perfect example of this perspective to competition where the loser is completely annihilated.Under this view, competition is often contrasted with cooperation â€" which is working together towards a common, mutually-benefitting goal rather than competing for selfish, individual benefit.In every day life, however, competition is largely non-zero-sum, a mixture of competition and cooperation is the norm where one participant’s loss (or gain) does not necessarily lead to the other participant’s gain (or loss) â€" everyone can gain.It d oes not always adhere to the social construct of competition as striving against or working against another group.Going back to the idea of structure and a common goal, competition within an organization can actually lead to cooperation.After agreeing on the ground rules and what the overarching vision within, for example, of the sales unit is, employee competition to hit the highest numbers is advancing the organizational goal.It is fallacious to think of every competitive environment as a man-eat-man situation.As Merryman observes in Top Dog, the real value of competition is not the win but rather a near-assurance of improvement.The science on neurogenesis â€" the creation of new brain neurons â€" has demonstrated that brain power can be improved via the performance of competitive tasks.The improvement comes as you practice and start realizing both at the moment of competing and over time the clues to an even greater performance or achievement.Once you reach a new milestone, your expectation of what is possible changes and the drive to reach the next level kicks in.Competing can therefore be thought of as a kind of mental fitness exercise where incremental improvements over past achievements and milestones set you on the route to steady brain power improvement.Brain scientists have discovered that acting to improve via competing or mastering a new skills alters brainwaves that bolster our performance and our intellectual capabilities.Even the simplest of competitions can improve brain power.A meta-analysis of 116 studies investigating the neural basis of video gaming published on the journal Frontiers in 2017, shows that present research supports the link between playing competitive video games and changes in brain regions responsible for attention, cognitive control, visual-spatial skills and cognitive workloadIt is the ‘risk-takers’, however, who will get the most benefit of this brain power-boosting possibility from competitive engagements since they are the group that engages less cautiously in mental fitness efforts led by their belief in new possibilities.People who push themselves to the next level, run further than they did before, lift heavier weights than last time, write a greater essay than before or take on a technological innovation that has not been fully tested are reshaping their brains chemically and electrically and stand to achieve a higher intelligence level.THE N-EFFECTDo you lose sight of the goal if the number of competitors is too many that the chances of winning are harder to estimate?A 2009 study by Stephen Garcia and Avishalom Tor suggests that the optimal benefit of competition is best achieved from small teams.In the study, students were asked to complete a brief quiz and informed that the top 20% to complete first and most accurately would be rewarded with $5.They were divided into two groups where one was told they were competing against 10 students and the other group told the competitors were 100.S tudents from the smaller group finished the same quiz faster than those in the bigger group.The researchers concluded that an increase in the number of competitors (N) can potentially reduce competitive motivation.A plausible explanation is that the fewer the number of competitors the higher our perceived chances of success and as such the greater the motivation to put more effort in the competition.FRIENDLY COMPETITIONIt would be difficult to pinpoint the ideal competitive mindset majorly because of an array of character distinctions and motivations that cannot be imposed as a sure prescription.Some people do best when they play not to lose, some when angry, some nervous, others it’s about being patriotic and others being happy does it for them.But there are those who do not do well in a competitive environment especially if they have lost in previous competitions and have been unable to motivate themselves to take part in a new ones.It can be quite demotivating for this kind of a person when deliberate competition is introduced in the workplace since it can be stress-inducing and potentially work against the synergy it was seeking to achieve.Top Dog presents statistics from scientific research that indicates a significant 25 percent of people crumble under competition and disengage.Another 25 percent will not be impacted by it and is about half of people who benefit from it.Craig Dike offers a familiar way of boosting productivity and team motivation, typically employed in team-building events that have a low chance of undermining cohesiveness and creating negative feelings towards ‘winning’ colleagues.He suggests introducing non-work related competitions that offer the same benefits of competition such as the activation of the brain reward centers but devoid of the sometimes negative and potentially destabilizing consequences of outright in-work competition.Potluck â€" where employees bring in different, often homemade food to the office â€" is one in teresting example of a safe competition where employees anonymously vote on the best dish.Outdoor quarterly gaming competitions is another lighthearted competition that can inject competition into the workplace without creating resentment among colleagues.Gal Rimon, the founder and CEO of workforce gamification company GamEffective provides a useful insight into the ideal competition model for the workplace.He argues that people can be driven to compete intrinsically â€" that they can compete with themselves rather than against colleagues.Rimon says goals can be set with the employee or their performance evaluated in relation to a ‘benchmarked’ performance by a colleague at their level.WRAPPING UPIt is true that some people would describe themselves as ‘non-competitive’ based on previous interactions with ‘born competitive’ siblings, workmates or schoolmates or even past performances.However, as research quoted above shows, competitiveness is literally intrinsic to the h uman existence and it doesn’t have to be a win-lose situation â€" the most valuable benefit is not to ‘feel good’ after winning but the mental building blocks acquired for the next challenge.Merryman says the self-assignment of a ‘non-competitive’ identity actually stems from the worry that they have to ascribe to the connotative meaning of competition â€" cutthroat, aggressive, mean and cheat.This as we have discussed above is far from the actual meaning of competition which can be more of respectful and cooperative than combative and selfish.Given the benefits of competition to your brain’s development, its implication on your decision-making and effectiveness you stand to lose a lot if you are not ready to take the risk of a new competitive challenge.

Poverty Is Not A Country Exclusive Issue - 1164 Words

Poverty, what is it? Poverty cannot be defined by just one definition. Poverty is a serious worldwide issue that is affecting all of our lives in the world. In Fact,Did you know nearly half of the world’s population, more than three billion people, live on less than two dollars and fifty cents a day. Just think, If you were given that same budget could you survive? Would you be able to live the same lifestyle that you do? The answer is most likely no and this is a mind blowing statistic. Statics like these are real eye openers, because they make you think and appreciate just how lucky we are not be living in poverty such as other countries that are rather called, Third world countries. Poverty is not a country exclusive issue, and like†¦show more content†¦Then these people more often will get sick and eventually die. Another huge issue of poverty is lack of education. Without a proper education, the poor will stay in poverty . This happens because without a proper education most employers will ignore the application to the job,because of the lack of knowledge that you may have. More commonly, people with a higher education receive more job opportunities. A 2003 study sponsored by the National Center for Children in Poverty found that in families whose income falls below 200 percent of the Federal Poverty Line children score far below average on reading, math and general knowledge tests. A lack of education perpetuates poverty and breaking this cycle is key to overcoming persistent poverty in the world. That being said, in order for us to eliminate poverty we need to get our students into better education system and take action for our students to learn so the cycle can end. Last but most definitely not least, issue that causes poverty is divorce. Single Parents who have to raise children on their own have a harder time and less resources than a couple who is still married. Typically divorcing or separating mothers are 2.83 times more likely to be in poverty than those who remain married. This being said the parent that usually ends up with custody of the child see a huge drop in their income, which is usually around 52% drop. Consequently , divorce can easily lead to povertyShow MoreRelatedPoverty Is The State Of Being Extremely Poor1618 Words   |  7 PagesPoverty is generally regarded as the state of being extremely poor. While this is true, this state can only be judged as a relation to a given social or economic state. In light of this, a better way to define poverty would be; the state of one who lacks a usual or socially acceptable amount of money or material possessions (Merriam-Webster). Poverty has many faces, changing from place to place and across time, and has been described in many ways. Poverty is hunger. Poverty is lack of shelter. PovertyRead MoreWhich Do You Think Would Help The Citizens Of The WorldS Poorest Nations More, Increasing Foreign Aid Or Removing All The Agricultural Tariffs And Subsidies?1069 Words   |  4 Pageswould help them more. Heres why, in researching global poverty one can come across startling statistics, e.g. almost half the people in the world live on less than $2.50 a day (Shah, 2011), 1 out of every 2 children live in poverty (Shah, 2010); speaking of children, 1 child will die every 4 seconds due to poverty, easily preventable diseases and illnesses, and other related causes (Shah, 2010), the GDP of the 41 Heavily Indebted Poor Countries is less than the wealth of the worlds 7 richest combinedRead MoreNike Case Study899 Words   |  4 Pagesimproved teamwork and interaction within and across work groups. Location The Company is headquartered near Beaverton, Oregon, in the Portland metropolitan area. Nike has been criticized for contracting with factories (known as Nike sweatshops) in countries such as China, Vietnam, Indonesia and Mexico. Vietnam Labor Watch, an activist group, has documented that factories contracted by Nike have violated minimum wage and overtime laws in Vietnam as late as 1996, although Nike claims that this practiceRead MoreChild Poverty in New Zealand1119 Words   |  5 PagesChild poverty is a major and complex issue that New Zealand faces today. The degree is far more severe than the publics perception and it is a problem that we cannot afford to ignore. A combination of factors contributes to child poverty, from individual causes at the micro level to the macro collective government involvement. This occurs partly due to social construction and it is potentially avoidable. The consequences can impact on both individual and to a great extent affect significantly onRea d MoreThe Hiv / Aids Epidemic1072 Words   |  5 PagesAs an upper-middle income country with high spending on healthcare, South Africa has been performing poorly on certain health indicators (as seen in Table 1), with their biggest issue being in the fight against HIV/AIDS (Country and Lending Groups, n.d.). They have one of the highest prevalence rates of HIV/AIDS in the world at 19.1%, and the incidence of new cases is increasing steadily (Milan, 2014; CIA, n.d.). To combat this growing problem President Jacob Zuma launched the largest HIV CounselingRead MoreProgrammed Vs Non Programmed Decision1087 Words   |  5 PagesProgrammed VS Non-programmed Decision The legislative process represented a fair mix of programmed and non-programmed part. The process of draft formation was non-programmed, as any new issue had to be raised by one of the components of the union but the steps for the process couldn’t be generalized across the issues. There had been an attempt to bring a certain degree of certainty into the system by making the acceptance of council and parliamentary appeals binding on the commission. Opposed to thisRead MoreImmigration in Pap Khouma’s Novel, I Was an Elephant Salesman738 Words   |  3 Pagesto day and traveling from country to country selling small ivory things to Europeans to make money. Paschal lives a really tough life in the book having to fight off thieves and hide from police on an almost seemingly daily basis, but in the end I think Paschal is able to look back on his life and feel some since of accomplishment that he would have achieved if he had stayed in Senegal. The textbook covers some very key aspects to the reasons why many poor countries either continue to stay poorRead MoreAmerican Charity Organizations : America s Stand Point On The Ordeal1290 Words   |  6 Pagesâ€Å"We are a country that prides itself on power and wealth, yet there are millions of children who go hungry every day.† When people think of world issues, many do not consider America’s stand point on the ordeal. They are unable to fully comprehend the growing lack of jobs, poverty, hunger, poor health care, and meager education that takes place across the nation. American charity foundations are often eager to jump to the rescue of other countries, but what about the detrimental issues that occurRead MoreAmerica s Stand Point On The Ordeal1565 Words   |  7 Pagesonce said, â€Å"We are a country that prides itself on power and wealth, yet there are millions of children who go hungry every day† (Johnson, p.38). When people think of world issues, many do not consider America’s stand point on the ordeal. They are unable to fully comprehend the growing lack of jobs, poverty, hunger, poor health care, and meager education that takes place across the nation. American charity foundations are often eager to jump to the rescue of other countries, but what about the detrimentalRead MoreProblems Faced by Brazil and South Africa1296 Words   |  5 Pagesprovide opportunities for college enrollment and governmental payrolls to black Brazilians. Consequently, the country has been forced to discuss the issue of racial divisions after several decades of showing the world that its free for racism. Though the nations elite have stated that Brazil is not a racist country, the social indicator shows that exclusion is prevalent within the country. These initiatives have marked a dramatic transformation in the nation with more than 90 million black people

Prison As A Last Resort - 2453 Words

What is eliminated in prison is choice. What is encouraged is obedience. Bruno Bettelheim illustrated the result when he stated a prisoner had reached the final stage of adjustment to the camp situation when he had changed his personality so as to accept as his own the values of the Gestapo....Can one imagine a greater triumph for any system than this adoption of its values and behaviour by its powerless victims? Until choice can be freely exercised and caring behaviour encouraged, there can be no meaningful change and the rehabilitation of criminals will only be a systems triumph over the values and behaviour of the powerless in our society. (Knopp, Boward, Morris, Schnapper, 1976 p9) To imprison a person means to remove†¦show more content†¦Rehabilitation is facilitated by the offering of courses, to help the offender address his/her behaviour which society has labelled as â€Å"wrong† or inappropriate (Peterson, 1989; Shaffer, 1993). Therefore, a con of the str ategy may be that the offenders are unable to access courses that could assist them in rehabilitation. Another purpose of the detention centre for young people may be through the use of a military structure to try and impress on them that they have done wrong (Munice, Hughes McLaughlin 2002). To support the policy there are different types of options that can be used instead of prison. These can include boot camps, electric monitoring, intensive supervision probation, day centres, periodic detention and harsher alternatives include the following community service, community based order and the option of imposing a fine (White Perrone 2005). Boot camps are a short period of incarceration with the intention of presenting the offender with a strong message and ordinarily would be followed up by intensive supervision. The supervision can involve the offender submitting urinalysis tests and attending certain courses within the community and failing to comply with this can result incarceration (White Perrone 2005). Electric monitoring involves the offender to wearing either an ankle or arm band that is electronically monitored from a base and will set off an alarm if they breachShow MoreRelatedEssay Prison As A Last Resort2054 Words   |  9 Pagesyears. In recent times i t has become such a frequently relied upon consequence that significant overcrowding in prisons has resulted (Findlay et al, 2000). In the 1990’s new implementations of rehabilitation were introduced to help ease the overcrowding in prisons. At this time, prison was utilised to the extent that the Queensland government adopted a strategy of â€Å"prison as a last resort†(Cavadino Dignan 2006). There are many pros and cons in using this strategy. This essay will consider both theRead MoreShould The Prison Reform Be Used As A Last Resort?1760 Words   |  8 Pages The percentage of women in prison, have increased over the years. Trusts such as the Prison Reform Trust, have a strong belief that prison should be used as a last resort. This dissertation will look to examine the main reasons behind the increase of female offenders in prison. It will also look to argue that in most cases, alternative sentences should be considered, rather than enforcing the custodial senten ce. In March 2007, The Corston review, was publishes by Baroness Corston, regarding a reviewRead MoreJuvenile Offenders And The United Nations Convention On The Rights Of The Child1464 Words   |  6 PagesThe amendments that are controversial with stakeholders include S 299A permitting the publication of identifying information, the automatic transfer of 17 year olds in detention to adult correctional facilities and the removal of detention as a last resort in sentencing. 3.0 Review of Legal Issues 3.1 To permit the publication the publication of identifying information One of the amendments of the Act includes S 234 permission to publish identifying information of juvenile criminals. Where youngRead MoreSocial Welfare Policy Reading Essay : Solitary Confinement Essay1663 Words   |  7 Pagesdevastating consequences of the use of solitary confinement in prisons. Studies show that the method of solitary confinement has the potential to lead to severe psychological effects on prison inmates. To address the consequences of solitary confinement in the U.S. federal prison system, President Obama directed Attorney General Loretta E. Lynch as well as the Justice Department to review and analyze the overuse of solitary confinement in U.S. prisons. Six months later, on January 25th, 2016, President ObamaRead MoreThe Destructive And Wrongful Use Of Solitary Confinement1675 Words   |  7 PagesKoula ENG 4U1 September 30th, 2015 The Destructive and Wrongful Use of Solitary Confinement Very few prison systems and prison facilities use the term â€Å"solitary confinement:, instead referring to prison â€Å"segregation† or placement in â€Å"restrictive housing† (Solitary Watch, FAQ). Solitary confinement is the total isolation of inmates who are feared for being a â€Å"danger† to â€Å"society,† — the prison system itself - for 23 hours a day from days to even decades. 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The Potential Market for Apple Ipad in the Uk Free Essays

The Potential Market for Apple iPad in the UK Table of contents 1. 0Introduction3 2. 0Creative thinking3 3. We will write a custom essay sample on The Potential Market for Apple Ipad in the Uk or any similar topic only for you Order Now 0Recommendations for successfully marketing iPad in the UK3 4. 0Conclusion4 References5 1. 0 Introduction After iSlate and iGuide, iPad as another tablet-shaped computer was launched by Apple. The various applications of the iPad are very attractive for customers, but it also has some shortcomings including high price and the same user interface as iPhone. The company prepares to set foot in the UK market. The purpose of this report is to identify how the iPad can be successfully marketed in the UK. Firstly, the main body of the report will briefly introduce creative thinking. Then, it will present the approaches for marketing iPad in the UK successfully. After that, it will make a conclusion in a few words. 2. 0 Creative thinking Creative thinking plays a significant part in constantly increasing the amounts of human knowledge, improving perceptivity of human being, as well as opening up new situation for practice. Creativity is the basis for generating innovation which is favorable to improve organizational competitiveness in the marketplace (Amabile, et al, 1996). It can be seen that creative thinking plays a significant role in the success or failure of new product or services in the market. Innovation can be driven by leadership, people management, knowledge management, and creativity management (Prajogo and Ahmed, 2006). The sources of creativity and innovation are people including customers, specialists, groups and teams, as well as individuals. Apple can be regarded as an innovative firm. Its innovation capacity comes from innovative chief executive. How to market its products creatively is very crucial for the success of product sales, which ill be discussed in the next section. 3. 0 Recommendations for successfully marketing iPad in the UK Marketing is the root for the survival and development of an organization. Over time, a large number of marketing approaches come to the market, including relationship marketing, direct marketing, service marketing, internet marketing, international marketing and brand marketing and so on. Successful product marketing should attach much importance to many aspects such as market demand, customer preference, price, and marketing mix and etc. The following paragraphs will suggest ways how the iPad can be marketed successfully in the UK. In order to successfully marketing product or services in a new market, the first and most important thing for an organization to do is market research. In this way, the organization can better meet customer demands and preferences by analyzing market researching findings. In general, market research consists of four steps, that is, gathering the data, integrating the evidence, unraveling the insight, and telling the story (Rawlinson, 1970). It is known that iPhone has obtained remarkable success in the market. Owing to this, iPad has already employed the iPhone-style user interface (Johnson and Arthur, 2010). It is apparently that iPad is not creative in this aspect as a result of passive consumption. For successfully marketing, the company must attempt to persuade consumers to accept the uncommonness of the product. The key lies in how to promote its advantages overwhelming its advantages. As a whole, the company must explain clearly about the creation of the product so as to attract the attention of consumers. Otherwise, the marketing of the iPad will suffer from the impediment or even resistance from consumers. In the next place, marketing strategy is one of important factors to help the organization to remain invincible in the increasingly dramatic market competition. The iPad can provide numerous applications for customers but not only limited to web browsing, email and reading e-books (Johnson and Arthur, 2010). At the beginning, Apple did not make a price for iPad in the UK market. However, according to the surveys, a great many customers in the UK reveal that iPad is excessively expensive (Harvey, 2010). It can be seen that cost is a key factor to determine if iPad can be successfully marketed in the UK. On one hand, the company should employ appropriately pricing strategy. Pricing strategies include skimming, market pricing and penetration pricing (Sutton-Brady and Beal, 2008). It is obviously that the UK is a new potential market for Apple. The key for the survival of the company in the new market is to stimulate market and capture market share. For this reason, penetration pricing strategy should be adopted by the company. On the other hand, the company should attempt to reduce cost as much as possible by all means. The last but not the least, promotional methods are also of great importance to the sales of products. Traditional promotional mix mainly includes the elements such as advertising, personnel selling, direct marketing, sales promotion, and public relation. Among them, advertising is an important tool for marketing at any time. Both mature and blind consumers will be guided by the advertisement. What’s more, the returns from advertising are also impressive at short notice. In addition, public relation makes great contribution to corporate image and marketing. However, with the development of media technology, the promotional mix is taking place great changes. Moreover, the communication has already gone through four ages from interruption, entertainment, engagement to dialogue. From this aspect, it can be said that the iPad has already done a good job for media in different sectors including print and publishing, television, and advertising (Arthur, Anderson and Sweney, 2010). It has satisfied the customer demands on entertainment and engagement. According to the statistics, 70% of the content of the web will be user generated until 2010 (Daugherty, Eastin and Bright, 2008). From this, it can be seen that it is very important for an organization to interact with customers. For this reason, customer engagement and interaction should be embodied in every link of marketing. The advertising ideas of iPad will be multiplatform rather than the â€Å"big TV campaign† mentality; furthermore, it will develop creative advertising ideas by a spectrum of consumer engagement (Arthur, Anderson and Sweney, 2010). From the perspective of public relation, traditional public relation messaging techniques may not be perceived as authentic any more. On the contrary, the company should regard user reviews and comments as the new word of mouth. Their messages will become the critical factors to improve the leadership of Apple in the UK market. 4. 0 Conclusion To sum up, marketing is extremely important for the development and expansion of an organization. The report has firstly introduced a little about creative thinking. Then, it has demonstrated how the iPad can be successfully marketed in the UK. Firstly, the company needs to conduct market research and make correspondingly responses by market analysis. Secondly, the company is necessary to formulate appropriately pricing strategy. Thirdly, the company must focus on the interaction with customers in the age of media technology. The iPad can be marketed successfully by effective market reaction, correct pricing strategy, as well as frequent interaction with consumers. References Amabile, T. et al, (1996) Assessing the work environment for creativity, Academy of Management Journal, 39 (5): 1154-1184. Arthur, C. Anderson, K. and Sweney, M. (2010) A Good Job for Media, http://www. guardian. co. uk/media/2010/feb/01/ipad-imapact-on-media, Date accessed on June 8, 2010. Daugherty, T. , Eastin, M. S. and Bright, L. (2008) Exploring Consumer Motivations for Creating User-Generated Content, Journal of Interactive Advertising, 8(2): 1-24. Harvey, M. (2010) British Buyers will Pay More for iPad, but Critics Say Wait, http://business. ti mesonline. co. uk/tol/business/industry_sectors/technology/article7119823. ece, Date accessed on June 8, 2010. Johnson, B. and Arthur, C. 2010) Apple iPad: The Wait is over – but is it Future of Media or Oversized Phone? http://www. guardian. co. uk/technology/2010/jan/27/apple-ipad-tablet-computer-k indle, Date accessed on June 8, 2010. Prajogo, D. I. and Ahmed, P. K. (2006) Relationship between Innovation Stimulus, Innovation Capacity, and Innovation Performance, RD Management, 36(5): 499-515. Rawlinson, J. G. (1970) Creative Thinking and Brainstorming, London: British Institute of Management. Sutton-Brady, C. and Beal, T. (2008) International Marketing, South Melbourne, Vic: Thomson Learning Australia. How to cite The Potential Market for Apple Ipad in the Uk, Papers

The Epidemiology of Diabetes Mellitus an Example of the Topic Health Essays by

The Epidemiology of Diabetes Mellitus is Subject to Change Introduction Need essay sample on "The Epidemiology of Diabetes Mellitus is Subject to Change" topic? We will write a custom essay sample specifically for you Proceed Diabetes type II is a metabolic degenerative disease characterized by either low production of insulin levels, resistance of cellular response to insulin or impaired structure of cellular reception as affected by various etiological effectors. The increase of blood sugar in the body due to inappropriate transmission and reception of insulin functions with cellular receptors. According to studies made, there are various environmental and dietary contributing factors, which directly provide a cause and effect relationship in the increasing conditions of DM Type II patients. Moreover, another parallelism involves the obesity as well as overweight epidemic rates, which greatly contributes to the epidemiologic cases of diabetic mellitus (Schulze & Hu, 2004 p.446). In the past, between 1935-1996, the prevalence rate of DM type II has reached 765%. During the first half of 20th century, the ration of diabetic or cardiovascular disease mortality progresses to 1:5. According to financial statistics, such conditions have dealt around 20% of health-care expenditures, specifically $220 billion in direct medical cost of 1997. In our current generation, Type 2 DM is in the status of epidemic as evidenced by affecting almost 8% of the population in the United States (Liu, 2002 p.298). During 1991-1992, only eight states had a diabetes prevalence exceeding 6%, but by 1997-1998 the number of states with such a prevalence had risen dramatically to 23. In most of the states, the increase was independent of age, gender, ethnic group, or educational level. The greatest morbidity and mortality rates from type 2 diabetes occur in the elderly and minority groups in the United States, a trend that epidemiological studies predict will not change in the near future (Bouchard, 2007 p.193). There is now a considerable amount of evidence to suggest that rapid acculturation is associated with increased rates of Type 2 diabetes. There are clearly several characteristics of the Western way of life, which predispose to the development of obesity. It may simply be that the increase in obesity resulting from an aggregation of these factors, especially physical inactivity and increased intake of energy-dense foods leading to energy intake in excess of requirements, explains the increasing rates of Type 2 diabetes (Eko etal, 2001 p.133). Lifestyle changes are some of the factors that are linked with the causation of Diabetes Mellitus. According to statistics, 47 million American inpiduals possess the condition and experiences diabetic manifestations. Type II Diabetes Milletus involves around 90%-95% of the over-all diabetic cases (Schulze & Hu, 2004 p.445). The epidemiologic status of Diabetes Mellitus has increased tremendously for the past two decades and expectations suggest that this increase pattern and epidemiologic count progression shall continue into the next decade. According from the World Health Organization, for the next 25 years, the diabetic epidemic is assumed to grow in all regions most markedly in the Americas, the Eastern Mediterranean and Southeast Asia. It is expected that by year 2025, 300 million people, from the 1995 epidemiologic count of 160 million, shall possess the condition of diabetes worldwide (Gabiola, 2006 p.1). Epidemiological surveys for diabetes are complicated to perform and prone to underestimate the real magnitude of the problem. Recent estimates by the International Diabetes Institute and the World Health Organization suggest that globally the number of persons with diabetes will increase from 151 million in the year 2000 to 221 million by the year 2010. This rate of increase is predicted to occur in virtually every country throughout the world. However, the greatest increases for the next decade are expected to occur in developing countries, particularly in Asia. One of the most important recent population-based studies from the United States (the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, NHANES III) showed a marked increase in the prevalence of diabetes. Epidemiological predictions drawn by NHANES III are consistent with the trend seen in virtually developed Western country. It is predicted that the number of people diagnosed with type 2 diabetes in the United States will increase by 165% in the next 50 years, rising from 11 million in 2000 to 29 million by year 2050. The highest increases are expected to occur among people aged 75 years and over (336%) and among African Americans (275%) (Bouchard, 2007 p.193). One of the perceived factors affecting this change is the lifestyle modifications. The one billion overweight adults in the world, 300 million are clinically obese. This is an alarming situation, even in light of limited availability of population-based data. Obesity and overweight are major risk factors for chronic diseases, including diabetes mellitus (Bagchi & Preuss, 2007 p.21). Obesity is the etiological factor in the development of type 2 diabetes mellitus with 70-80% of type 2 diabetes patients presenting with obesity or those with BMI of greater than 30kg/m2. This phenotype is associated with insulin-resistance and thus differs metabolically from type 1 diabetes, which is an insulin-deficient state (Barnett & Kumar, 2004 p.99). The suggestion that refined carbohydrates, and sugars in particular, might be involved in the etiology of type II diabetes. Carbohydrate consumption and DM Type II prevalence from year 1963- 1997 validates possible relationship between refined carbohydrate effects on DM Type II occurrence. According to the data obtained, the consumption of carbohydrates has increased to 500 g/d as compared to the previous data consumption, which 374 g/d from the year 1909 1963. During this period, it has been noted that the prevalence rate of obesity has increased by 80% while the prevalence of the occurrence of the disease, Diabetes Milletus Type II, has been noted to be increased by 47% (Gross et al, 2004 p.774). Obesity is one of the pointed causes of such diabetic count increase that influences the number of diabetes patients. Community-based study in Framingham Offspring Study Cohort, they have assessed that the rate of acquiring diabetes for ages 40 and 55 has doubled its risk rate. The analysis has been linked to the assessment gathered in 1990 wherein an absolute increase of incidence rate of DM Type II patient has increased 2.5%. It has also been noted that diabetes is much more evident in inpiduals who have obese status while those who are overweight and normal baseline have not shown significant correlations with diabetic increased rate (Fox etal, 2006). During the past 20 years, alterations in American diet have proportionately and consistently altered the occurrence of the disease causation itself. DM Type II has reached it epidemic case especially as the contributing factors in reaches their full exposure and influence in the society. The population findings, metabolic assessments and prospective studies on the obtained subjects have suggested that refined carbohydrates increases several factors, such as obesity, glucose intolerance, dyslipidemia, and finally, type II diabetes. Such risk may be reduced by the use of other alternative carbohydrates, such as low-GI carbohydrate sources and products that are high in fiber (Gross et al, 2004 p.777-778). Among the major reasons behind the expected dramatic increase in the incidence of type II diabetes are the anticipated world population growth, mostly in developing countries, the increase in life span or longetivity in most Western countries, and certain environmental factors. In particularly, rapidly changing and unhealthy dietary patterns, along with increasingly sedentary lifestyles, lead to the root cause of such change, obesity. Even small changes in lifestyle can be very significant for preventing and treating type II diabetes and for determining the incidence of this metabolic disorder in the long term. In contrast, unhealthy diets rich in high saturated fats, together with reduction in physical activity even at early ages, may result in a public health problem even greater than predicted to date by epidemiological studies (Bouchard, 2007 p.193). On the other hand, there is rather more support for the suggestion that foods rich in slowly digested or resistant starch or high in soluble dietary fiber might be protective. Countries with high intakes of these foods have low rates of diabetes, and in fact, even the mortality rates of diabetes mellitus have reduced. The data gathered have indicated that these refined carbohydrates induce alteration in its own compositions that contributed to the risks of conjuring the disease as evidenced by the epidemiologic conditions of diabetic inpiduals. Most evidently in the current generation wherein refined carbohydrates are much more utilized than those dietary carbohydrates, the effect indeed is greatly seen since the American society today possess less than half of its population suffering from Diabetes Milletus II conditions. Reference Bagchi, D., & Preuss, H. G. (2007). Obesity: Epidemiology, Pathophysiology, and Prevention. CRC Press. Barnett, A. H., & Kumar, S. (2004). Obesity and Diabetes. John Wiley and Sons. Bouchard etal, C. (2007). Physical Activity and Health. Human Kinetics. Ekoe et.al, J. M. (2001). The Epidemiology of Diabetes Mellitus: An International Perspective. John Wiley and Sons. Gabiola, J. (2006, November 20). Type II Diabetes Mellitus: Epidemiology and Treatment Update. Gross et al, L. S. (2004, January). Increased Consumption of refined Carbohydrates and the Epidemic of Type 2 Diabetes in the United States: An Ecologic Assessment. American Society for Clinical Nutrition, 79, 774-779. Fox etal, C. S. (2006, April 27). Trends in the Incidence of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus From the 1970s to the 1990s . American Heart Association, Inc. , Liu, S. (2002, January). Intake of Refined Carbohydrates and Whole Grain Foods in Relation to Risk of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus and Coronary Heart Disease. Journal of the American College of Nutrition, 21, 298-306. Schulze etal, M. B. (2005, January). Dietary Pattern, Inflammation and Incidence of Type II Diabetes in Women. American Society for Clinical Nutrition, 82, 675-84. Schulze, M. B., & Hu, F. B. (2005, October). Primary Prevention of Diabetes: What Can Be Done and How Much Can be Removed?. Annu. Rev. Public. Health, 26, 445-67.